全面系统的讲解nginx ，包含配置说明和常见问题所在。
远程链接服务器
ssh 用户名@公网ip
默认的用户名是root，假如公网 ip 是 a.b.c.d, 那链接命名就是
ssh root@a.b.c.d
下载安装基础库
yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf pcre pcre-devel make automake yum -y install wget httpd-tools vim
关闭 iptables
查看iptables规则
iptables -L 或 iptables -t nat -L
关闭 iptables 规则
iptables -F 或 iptables -t nat -F
关闭 SELinux
查看是否打开
getenforce
关闭
setenforce 0
Nginx 是一个开源且高性能、高可靠的 HTTP 中间件、代理服务。
安装Nginx
打开官网 https://nginx.org/en/linux_packages.html#stable
To set up the yum repository for RHEL/CentOS, create the file named /etc/yum.repos.d/nginx.repo with the following contents:
[nginx] name=nginx repo baseurl=http://nginx.org/packages/OS/OSRELEASE/$basearch/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
Replace “OS” with “rhel” or “centos”, depending on the distribution used, and “OSRELEASE” with “6” or “7”, for 6.x or 7.x versions, respectively.
查看nginx的所有安装目录
rpm -ql nginx
然后得到如下配置
[root@ ~]# rpm -ql nginx nginx日志轮转，用于logrotate服务的日志切割 /etc/logrotate.d/nginx nginx主配置文件 /etc/nginx/nginx.conf /etc/nginx /etc/nginx/conf.d /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf cgi配置相关，fastcgi配置 /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params /etc/nginx/scgi_params /etc/nginx/uwsgi_params 编码转换映射转化文件 /etc/nginx/koi-utf /etc/nginx/koi-win /etc/nginx/win-utf 设置http协议的 Content-Type 与扩展名对应关系 /etc/nginx/mime.types 用于配置出系统守护进程管理器管理方式 /etc/sysconfig/nginx /etc/sysconfig/nginx-debug /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx-debug.service /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service nginx模块目录 /etc/nginx/modules /usr/lib64/nginx/modules /usr/lib64/nginx /usr/libexec/initscripts/legacy-actions/nginx /usr/libexec/initscripts/legacy-actions/nginx/check-reload /usr/libexec/initscripts/legacy-actions/nginx/upgrade nginx服务的启动管理的终端命令 /usr/sbin/nginx /usr/sbin/nginx-debug nginx的手册和帮助文件 /usr/share/doc/nginx-1.14.0 /usr/share/doc/nginx-1.14.0/COPYRIGHT /usr/share/man/man8/nginx.8.gz /usr/share/nginx /usr/share/nginx/html /usr/share/nginx/html/50x.html /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html nginx 的缓存目录 /var/cache/nginx nginx日志目录 /var/log/nginx
命令 nginx -V 查看所有编译参数
nginx 的默认配置文件
文件路径 /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
#charset koi8-r;
#access_log /var/log/nginx/host.access.log main;
location / {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
}
# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
#
#location ~ .php$ {
# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;
#}
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
#
#location ~ .php$ {
# root html;
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# fastcgi_index index.php;
# fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
# include fastcgi_params;
#}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}可以去 /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html 修改默认的展示页面，也可以去 /usr/share/nginx/html/50x.html 修改错误页面。
修改后重启 nginx
systemctl reload nginx.service 或 systemctl restart nginx.service
检查 nginx 配置，结果出现 successful 表示成功
nginx -t -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
重新加载配置
nginx -s reload -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
静态资源WEB服务 代理服务 负载均衡调度器 SLB 动态缓存
配置语法-文件读取
Syntax: sendfile on|off; Default: sendfile off; Context: http,server,location,if in location
引读：--with-file-aio 异步文件读取
配置语法- tcp_nopush
Syntax: tcp_nopush on|off; Default: tcp_nopush off; Context: http,server,location
配置语法- tcp_nodelay
Syntax: tcp_nodelay on|off; Default: tcp_nodelay on; Context: http,server,location
配置语法- 压缩
Syntax: gzip_comp_level level; Default: gzip_comp_level 1; Context: http,server,location
Syntax: gzip_http_version 1.0|1.1; Default: gzip_http_version 1.1; Context: http,server,location
扩展 Nginx 压缩模块
预读 gzip 功能 http_gzip_static_module 应用支持 gunzip 的压缩方式 http_gunzip_module
浏览器缓存设置
配置语法 – expires
添加 Cache-Control、Expires 头
Syntax：expires [modified] time; expires epoch | max | off Default: expires off; Context: http, server, location, if in location
跨域
*表示允许所有的网站跨域，为了安全起见可以设置仅需要的网址
location ~ .*.(htm|html)$ {
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin *;
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods GET,POST,PUT,DELETE,OPTIONS;
root /opt/app/code
}基于 http_refer 防盗链配置模块
Syntax: valid_referers none | blocked | server_names | string...; Default: - Context: server, location,
正向代理与反向代理的区别在于代理的对象不一样
正向代理代理的对象是客户端 反向代理代理的对象是服务端
配置语法
Syntax: proxy_pass URL Default: - Context: location,if in location,limit_except
URL 一般是以下三种
http://localhost:8080/uri/ https://192.168.1.1:8000/uri/ http://unix:/tmp/backend.socket:/uri/;
HttpIndex模块
这个模块提供一个简单方法来实现在轮询和客户端IP之间的后端服务器负荷平衡。
配置范例：
resolver 10.0.0.1;
upstream dynamic {
zone upstream_dynamic 64k;
hash $request_uri; #按照url的hash值来分配，同一个url分配到同一个服务器
server backend1.example.com weight=5;
server backend2.example.com:8080 fail_timeout=5s slow_start=30s;
server 192.0.2.1 max_fails=3;
server backend3.example.com resolve;
server backend4.example.com service=http resolve;
server backup1.example.com:8080 backup;
server backup2.example.com:8080 backup;
}
server {
location / {
proxy_pass http://dynamic;
health_check;
}
}状态解释
调度算法
缓存类型分类：客户端缓存，代理缓存，服务端缓存
proxy_cache
Syntax: proxy_cache zone | off; Default: proxy_cache off; Context: http, server, location
proxy_cache_path
Syntax: proxy_cache_path path [levels=levels] [use_temp_path=on|off] keys_zone=name:size [inactive=time] [max_size=size] [manager_files=number] [manager_sleep=time] [manager_threshold=time] [loader_files=number] [loader_sleep=time] [loader_threshold=time] [purger=on|off] [purger_files=number] [purger_sleep=time] [purger_threshold=time]; Default: — Context: http
实例
proxy_cache_path /data/nginx/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=cache_zone:10m max_size=10g inactive=60m use_temp_path=off;
map $request_method $purge_method {
PURGE 1;
default 0;
}
server {
...
location / {
proxy_pass http://backend;
proxy_cache cache_zone;
proxy_cache_key $uri;
proxy_cache_purge $purge_method;
# 当分配的服务器出现50X 错误时分配另一台服务器
proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_502 http_503 http_504
}
}upstream java_api{
server 127.0.0.1:8080;
}
server {
...
#匹配到jsp结尾的请求去请求服务器
location ~ .jsp$ {
proxy_pass http://java_api;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#匹配到图片资源返回本地的内容
location ~ .(jpg|png|gif)$ {
expires 1h;
gzip on;
}
}作用：实现 url 重写以及重定向
使用场景：
URL 访问跳转，支持开发设计 页面跳转、兼容性支持、展示效果等 SEO优化 维护。后台维护、流量转发等 安全
语法
Syntax: rewrite regex replacement [flag]; Default: — Context: server, location, if
If the specified regular expression matches a request URI, URI is changed as specified in the replacement string. The rewrite directives are executed sequentially in order of their appearance in the configuration file. It is possible to terminate further Processing of the directives using flags. If a replacement string starts with “http://”, “https://”, or “$scheme”, the processing stops and the redirect is returned to a client.
An optional flag parameter can be one of:
last
停止rewrite检测
stops processing the current set of ngx_http_rewrite_module directives and starts a search for a new location matching the changed URI;
break
停止rewrite检测
stops processing the current set of ngx_http_rewrite_module directives as with the break directive;
redirect
返回302临时重定向，地址栏会显示跳转后的地址
returns a temporary redirect with the 302 code; used if a replacement string does not start with “http://”, “https://”, or “$scheme”;
permanent
返回302永久重定向，地址栏会显示跳转后的地址
returns a permanent redirect with the 301 code.
The full redirect URL is formed according to the request scheme ($scheme) and theserver_name_in_redirect and port_in_redirect directives.
Example:
server {
...
rewrite ^(/download/.*)/media/(.*)..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 last;
rewrite ^(/download/.*)/audio/(.*)..*$ $1/mp3/$2.ra last;
return 403;
...
}But if these directives are put inside the “/download/” location, the last flag should be replaced bybreak, or otherwise nginx will make 10 cycles and return the 500 error:
location /download/ {
rewrite ^(/download/.*)/media/(.*)..*$ $1/mp3/$2.mp3 break;
rewrite ^(/download/.*)/audio/(.*)..*$ $1/mp3/$2.ra break;
return 403;
}If a replacement string includes the new request arguments, the previous request arguments are appended after them. If this is undesired, putting a question mark at the end of a replacement string avoids having them appended, for example:
rewrite ^/users/(.*)$ /show?user=$1? last;
If a regular expression includes the “}” or “;” characters, the whole expressions should be enclosed in single or double quotes.
指定并允许检查请求的链接的真实性以及保护资源免遭未授权的访问
限制链接生效周期
Syntax: secure_link expression; Default: — Context: http, server, location Syntax: secure_link_md5 expression; Default: — Context: http, server, location
Example:
location /s/ {
secure_link $arg_md5,$arg_expires;
secure_link_md5 "$secure_link_expires$uri$remote_addr secret";
if ($secure_link = "") {
return 403;
}
if ($secure_link = "0") {
return 410;
}
...
}基于 IP 地址匹配 MaxMind GeoIP 二进制文件，读取 IP 所在地域信息
安装： yum install nginx-module-geoip
使用场景
区别国内外做HTTP 访问规则 区别国内城市地域做 HTTP 访问规则
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.example.com;
ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt;
ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key;
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
...
}HTTPS 服务优化
激活 keepalive 长连接 设置 ssl session 缓存
server{
listen 443;
server_name 116.62.103.228 jeson.t.imooc.io;
keepalive_timeout 100;
ssl on;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;
ssl_session_timeout 10m;
ssl_certificate www.example.com.crt;
ssl_certificate_key www.example.com.key;
index index.html index.htm;
location / {
root /opt/app/code;
}
}Lua 是一个简洁、轻量、可扩展的脚本语言
Nginx + Lua 优势：充分的结合 Nginx 的并发处理 epoll 优势和 Lua 的轻量实现简单的功能且高并发的场景。
安装
yum install lua
运行 lua 有两种方式：命令行和脚本
命令行模式
在命令行输入 lua 开启命令行交互模式
脚本模式
编写 test.lua 文件，执行 lua test.lua 运行
注释
-- 行注释 --[[ 块注释 --]]
多个 server_name 的优先级
如果多个文件配置有相同的 server_name ，根据文件名先读取到哪个文件就加载哪个文件的配置
location 匹配优先级
= 进行普通字符精确匹配，也就是完全匹配 ^~ 表示普通字符匹配，使用前缀匹配 ~ ~* 表示执行一个正则匹配()
前两种匹配到之后就不往下继续匹配了，最后一种会继续往下匹配，如果没有匹配到，就用它的匹配。也就是前两种优先级比第三种高。
try_files 的使用
按顺序检查文件是否存在
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php;
}文件句柄：linuxUnix 一切皆文件，文件句柄就是一个索引
设置方式：系统全局性修改，用户局部性修改，进程局部性修改
修改方法：
系统全局修改和针对用户修改
vim /etc/security/limits.conf
加入以下代码
# 给root用户设置 root soft nofile 10000 root hard nofile 10000 # 给所有用户全局设置 * soft nofile 10000 * hard nofile 10000
soft 不是强制性的，超过设置的值会提醒但不强制执行；hard 会强制执行
针对进程修改
vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
添加以下代码
worker_rlimit_nofile 20000
查看当前服务器的 CPU 个数
cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "physical id"|sort|uniq|wc -l
查看 CPU 核数
cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "cpu cores"|uniq
worker_processes = CPU 个数 * CPU 核数
假如有 2 个 CPU，每个 CPU 有 8 核，那 worker_processes 应该是16
打开 nginx 配置文件 vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
worker_processes 16; worker_cpu_affinity auto;
然后刷新nginx配置 nginx -s reload -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes 1;
worker_cpu_affinity auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid /var/run/nginx.pid;
worker_rlimit_nofile 10000;
events {
use epoll;
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
charset utf-8;
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
#tcp_nopush on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
gzip on;
gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6].";
gzip_http_version 1.1;
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}常见恶意行为：爬虫行为和恶意抓取、资源盗用
常用防范手段：
基础防盗链功能：目的不让恶意用户轻易爬取网站数据
secure_link_module: 提高数据安全性，对数据增加加密验证和失效性，适合核心重要数据
access_module: 对后台、部分用户服务的数据提供 IP 防控
后台密码撞库
通过猜测密码字段不断对后台系统登录性尝试，获取后台登录密码
防范手段：
后台登录密码复杂度 access_module 对后台提供 IP 防控 预警机制
文件上传漏洞
location ^~ /upload{
root /opt/app/images;
if($requst_filename ~*(.*).php){
return 403;
}
}SQL 注入
利用未过滤/未审核用户输入的攻击方法，让应用运行本不应该运行的 SQL 代码
Nginx + Lua 防火墙实现：https://github.com/loveshell/ngx_lua_waf
以上就是 Nginx 学习笔记的全部内容。
